Hopes that China will meet or even exceed 5% real GDP growth this year are warranted. The key driver will be consumption, fuelled by excess household savings and a pro-business policy stance.
However, a faster and more durable recovery will require additional policy measures, not yet in place, to structurally increase the share of consumption in Chinese GDP. China’s economic divergence from slowing growth and recession in the developed world bodes well for China’s corporate profits and cash flows, making it an attractive source of macroeconomic diversification and a compelling destination for equity and fixed income flows over the remainder of 2023.
Three years of isolation: first in, last out
Now that Covid restrictions have been lifted, foreign investors can get a true pulse on the ground about China from within China. Here are three of our observations that form the consumption triangle:
China’s domestic consumption is the biggest upside opportunity.
China’s new administration may focus on a consumption-led growth model.
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There is likely a greater alignment between government spending and consumer spending.
Optimistic, with a tinge of caution
The confidence that China will attain more than 5% GDP growth and that the Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) will stay above 50 this year are strong. However, caution comes from the observation that, post-pandemic, while domestic consumption is firmly in the driver’s seat, there is no foot on the accelerator. To kick domestic consumption into high gear, policymakers should look to introduce measures to address a few speed bumps, namely:
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Note the 20-year high in propensity to save, that may translate to increased consumption,
Encourage policies that raise household income, and
Support a steady expansion of middle-income groups.
China’s gross savings rate is one of the highest in the world (at 45.5% of GDP) and household savings surged by over US$2.5 trillion ($3.4 trillion) in 2022. These are precautionary savings during unprecedented times of the zero-Covid policy that forced millions to stay indoors, sometimes for months at a time. Delaying home purchases and withdrawing from the financial markets led to an accumulation of precautionary savings. I believe that this form of savings will be reduced when savers feel more assured about income and job prospects ahead.
Simply put, China’s domestic consumption will be the biggest upside opportunity for overall growth performance in the next six to 12 months. This has been a proven thesis, as between 2010 and 2019, when:
Private consumption as a share of GDP went up from 34% to 39%, even though household disposable income as a share of GDP barely budged during the same period.
Household savings as a share of disposable income fell from 42% in 2010 to less than 35% in 2019.
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Part of this was due to a strengthened social safety net, with the government spending on items like healthcare, retirement and unemployment benefits, encouraging citizens to consume instead of saving for the future or for a medical emergency. We are starting to see some green shoots, based on the recent People’s Bank of China’s Urban Depositor Survey.
While many Chinese residents are inclined toward more saving, the percentage has fallen since the reopening of the economy in December 2022, and the number of those who prefer to invest has increased.
Eye on consumption-led growth model
There are signs that the new administration may renew their focus on a consumption-led growth model, which will require expanding household disposable income and further strengthening of the social safety net.
China just announced it is reducing tax and fee burdens for businesses by US$261.6 billion this year, and extending existing tax and fee preferential policies, which are expected to reduce businesses costs by another US$173 billion. With this, Beijing has extended tax cuts amounting to 1% of GDP through 2024, with the consumer portion making up almost half of the cuts (about 0.4% of GDP), and the policy room for further expansion is large.
Furthermore, the new private pension scheme that was launched in 2022 is a major initiative that will provide attractive long-term growth opportunities for asset managers with an onshore presence in China. In addition, we expect Hong Kong’s stock market to benefit from potential South-bound asset flows through the Stock Connect. The growth opportunities are unmistakable, and the private pension market is projected to grow from US$300 billion currently to US$1.7 trillion by 2025.
As the market grows, private pension products in China will increasingly invest in Hong Kong equities through the Shanghai-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect.
For long-term investors, investment opportunities in businesses that drive automation will be attractive, in our analysis. Automation can help address higher wage costs and an ageing population.
Align government and consumer spending
Amid the banking sector stresses in the US and Europe, and the monetary policy straitjackets of central banks in developed economies, China stands out as a relative “safe haven”, equipped with a growth premium, minimal systemic risks within the domestic banking and real estate sectors, and a new leadership team led by Premier Li Qiang who should be pro-business. As such, look out for pro-business, pro-private sector and pro-foreign direct investment (FDI) policy initiatives in the coming months.
Household balance sheets on the mend
Beyond the possible trinity of the consumption triangle, investors are acutely aware of the other knowns and unknowns, related to the impact of housing supply and prices on both household perceptions of risk and China’s macro policy. We are less concerned, as housing as a percentage of Chinese household’s net worth has declined from 60% in 2000 to 49% in 2019.
Our calculations suggest that the households’ net worth would be intact should house prices fall by 20% from 2019 levels. Furthermore, recent indicators have shown that the falling interest-rate environment in China has prompted a rush in prepayments of mortgage loans instead of new purchases. Homeowners borrowed cheaper consumer goods loans to reduce mortgage loans that were taken at higher interest rates. Despite the cut in mortgage rates, outstanding mortgages have plateaued at around US$5.7 trillion in 2022.
China may be in a sweet spot to further ease the “Three Red Lines” regulatory criteria for real estate developers, but it is not prudent to do so. These regulations are the bitter pills to reduce the debt risks of real estate companies, and accompanied by other supportive measures, promote the industry’s transition to a more stable development model.
That said, while real estate will remain one of the key pillars of China’s growth model, and the sector is bottoming out, some of the recent defaults in China’s high-yield USD notes (which are dominated by real estate firms) have caused heightened caution among foreign investors.
However, it is important to differentiate between private developers and government-owned builders. The former faces the greater risk that the recovery in property prices and sales may not be in time to ease the cash crunch.
Globally, it’s downhill from here, but the slope matters
As China’s push for growth in domestic consumption, potentially in services (53.5% of GDP), the US and other Western countries are tipping into recession over the next 12 months.
From an economic standpoint, trade remains the most obvious channel through which weakening external demand can impact China’s economy. An examination of China’s exports to the US shows that all three US recessions in the past two decades — in 2001 after the dotcom bubble burst, in 2008–2009 during the subprime crisis and in early 2020 immediately after the pandemic broke out — coincided with sharp declines in China’s shipments to the US.
A few scenarios worth considering, in the case of a growth slowdown (but no recession) in the US and Europe, China’s exports to the two markets will accordingly register slower growth rates. This will see its export contribution to GDP growth fall by half to around 10% of 2021 GDP.
In the case of the two economies slipping into mild recession, China’s exports contraction may shave 0.3% off GDP in the next 12 months. But if the US and Europe fall into a deep recession, the export shock alone could potentially reduce China’s 2023 GDP by one percentage point.
As with past US recessions, there are reasons to believe that domestic demand-driven economies and companies will be more resilient, China and Chinese corporates included. Underlying the 5% official GDP growth estimate this year is strong corporate earnings growth estimates within the MSCI China Index (20.7%) and Shanghai Composite Index (26.8%).
Thus, in our opinion, China’s economic divergence from slowing growth and recession elsewhere bodes well for making China an attractive source of macroeconomic diversification and a compelling destination for equity and fixed income flows over the remainder of 2023.
A final point about recession risk is that a major global economic shock will trigger the Chinese government to implement a strong fiscal policy response to support aggregate demand. This brings us back to the consumption trinity and the importance of bolstering domestic demand to a position of reasonable strength as global growth looks set to head into a chilly winter.
Christy Tan is an investment strategist with the Franklin Templeton Institute
