Federal Reserve Bank Chairman Jay Powell was right to observe that the US economy is at an “inflection point”. In fact, there are several inflection points approaching — in global economic activity, in how the pandemic is being managed, in important policies which affect markets and companies and in geopolitics. The next few months are likely to be turbulent, to say the least. Economic prospects are likely to brighten, underpinned by a growing likelihood that the economic damage caused by the pandemic is reversing. But, changes in policy and geopolitical developments could unnerve financial markets, particularly emerging markets.
1. Global economic activity set to blow past expectations
There are tantalising data points which hint that the world economy could soon surprise strongly on the upside. The New York Fed’s Weekly Economic Indicator points to US economic growth being much stronger than the consensus believes. Chinese exports surged in March, after robust numbers for January–February. This is not simply because of a low base in the first quarter of 2020 when the Chinese economy tanked and Covid infections were at their worst. What is stunning is that Chinese exports in March 2021 were about 21% bigger than those for March 2019.
South Korea’s exports for the first 10 days of April also sizzled — up almost by a quarter over the year ago. Encouragingly, Korean export growth is not just being driven by semiconductors as previously, but exports of automotive as well as of chemicals are also growing rapidly. This tells us that the global economic recovery is broadening out.
There is good reason to believe that this pick-up in activity can be sustained. The OECD’s composite lead indicators are rising across the board — indicating that economic growth will probably rev up in both developed and developing countries. Surveys of purchasing managers show the pipeline of new orders growing. In the US, the new orders indicator in both the manufacturing and non-manufacturing surveys were at or close to record levels in March.
What is even better is that imports are growing strongly in economies that have put the pandemic behind them. Chinese imports in March this year were 37% larger than in March 2019. In other words, as economies get to grips with the pandemic, economic recovery spurs growth in their imports — recovery in one country spills over into others and pulls them along as well.
2. Pandemic comes under better control in major economies
The recent news of spikes in infections in India, Brazil and in parts of Europe and the US has been a dampener. The bad news has continued with the revelation that both the Astra Zeneca and Johnson & Johnson vaccines might have serious side effects.
However, there are three important factors to watch to get a sense of how the pandemic crisis will affect economic activity.
The first is the accelerating pace of vaccinations. In the US, the vaccination rate is at around 3.1 million a day, a pace that will allow the US to reach herd immunity in late June or early July. The EU was slow off the mark but in the past week, Germany, France and Italy have all managed to ramp up vaccinations. France is now inoculating around half a million people a day, almost catching up with the UK which has pulled off a successful vaccination drive.
The second is the growing urge among governments to ease restrictions and revive activities that have been hit hard by the pandemic.
Australia and New Zealand have started a travel bubble — people can cross over the Tasman Straits with no need for quarantines or similar restrictions. Taiwan has experimented with a travel bubble with the tiny island nation of Palau as a precursor to similar arrangements with other places. Hong Kong and Singapore are talking about a similar travel bubble. Malaysian Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin will meet his Singapore counterpart Lee Hsien Loong in early May and re-starting cross-border movements between the two countries will be high on the agenda.
Even in countries that are struggling with high levels of infection, governments are coming round to the view that the most stringent restrictions have to be eased otherwise the damage to people’s livelihoods will become untenable. For example, the Philippines has eased some limits on activity in the provinces surrounding its capital city, Manila, which account for 25% of the population.
The third factor is that policymakers, companies and workers are adjusting to lockdowns so that the economic damage caused by new spikes of infections is less severe than in 2020. Lockdowns are less stringent than before, allowing for more flexibility. Europe is a good example. The latest OECD weekly economic activity indicator reflected a Eurozone economy that was broadly stable in Q1 despite the surge in infections. A similar picture is emerging in India as well.
3. Policy and financial conditions could tighten faster than thought
Fed chairman Powell was at pains to persuade folks that despite the growing likelihood of a robust rebound, the American central bank he heads would not step back from the ultra-loose policies that have supported the economy — and fuelled financial asset prices. He explained his position by saying that it would still take some time before all the people who lost jobs regained a decent livelihood.
However, if the economy is really recovering so powerfully, then jobs growth is set to accelerate markedly. The recent labour market survey in the US showed job openings soaring to a two-year high. There were strong indications that employers in the hardest-hit industries such as accommodation and food services are close to stepping up hiring in coming months. If, say, American payrolls reports soon start to show several months of massive jobs growth, financial markets will price in a Fed shift of policy whatever Powell and his colleagues say. Bond yields will rise and the Fed will be pressed to recalibrate what it tells markets.
It is not only in the US that policy could tighten. In China, the authorities appear confident enough of the durability of the recovery that they are gingerly reducing monetary support for the economy — and shifting focus to areas such as regulating Big Tech companies and cooling price movements in the housing sector — these policy shifts could slow growth.
In fact, policy changes that go beyond addressing the Covid impact on the economy will become more prominent. Essentially, 40 years of pro-business policies are likely to give way to tax, regulatory and other changes that reduce corporate power.
The global tax regime is set to be overhauled in ways that could hurt economies such as Singapore which have used a liberal tax regime to woo investors. In the US, the Biden Administration is poised to raise taxes on big corporations and the rich while also reducing tax loopholes.
And if that was not enough, we should also expect some degree of greater protectionism as well. The US Treasury seems to be keen to take on “currency manipulation” — and most of its victims will be in our part of the world.
In short, policies are going to change — and not just Fed monetary policies that financial markets fixate on. These changes are likely to hurt emerging economies whose currencies have already started to wobble — look what happened to the Taiwan dollar this week when there were fears of Taiwan being labelled a currency manipulator by the US or to the Indian rupee the week before.
4. Geopolitical dangers are growing
Is it a coincidence that Russian forces are menacing Ukraine just as China steps up assertive activities in the South China Sea, the Taiwan Straits and the East China Sea near Japan? In the past few weeks:
In recent weeks, Ukraine has reported that Russia has deployed 28 battalion tactical groups near Ukraine’s eastern border and in Crimea which Russia seized from Ukraine in 2014. Russia said it has deployed large numbers of troops in response to provocations from Ukraine and its western allies. There are fears that Russian-backed separatists could launch an offensive within a couple of months.
China has also stepped up its military activities. It has been sending progressively larger numbers of fighter aircraft and bombers into Taiwan’s air defence identification zone. Its “maritime militia” has also been deployed to territories claimed by the Philippines in the South China Sea. More of its ships have also been deployed close to waters disputed with Japan.
The main area of concern is Taiwan where there is speculation that China may want to pull off a takeover of Taiwan to mark the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in July. This is highly unlikely. Most military observers assess that China does not have the military capacity such as sufficient landing craft to penetrate Taiwan’s difficult coastline nor the offensive capacity to neutralise the American aircraft carriers that would almost certainly be deployed to defend Taiwan.
The more likely scenario is one of persistently increasing Chinese air and naval harassment of Taiwan’s defences. China will also probably continue its strategy of using its maritime militia to occupy waters in the South China Sea claimed by other countries in order to assert its sovereignty over those areas. This approach does raise tensions in the region but is not likely to lead to outright clashes or a wider conflict.
The greater danger is that Russia and China appear to be coordinating these moves so as to test President Biden. The idea may be to show his and the US’ inability to match reality with rhetoric. After all, Biden has just announced that American troops will exit Afghanistan by September — which would almost certainly result in the hardline anti-American Taliban gaining power there. Such moves could convince America’s rivals that it does not have the stomach to fight and so encourage them to be more aggressive. North Korea, which is facing a dire economic crisis, is also watching closely as its leaders may not mind an external crisis to distract attention from the mismanaged economy. Thus, we are in a period during which some countries will push and shove each other, taking care not to provoke war, but still creating occasional crises.
The bottom line
The US economy is poised to surge: this will not be just a rebound from a low base but something much more powerful, the start of several years of strong growth. It would not surprise us if the US economy expanded by more than 6% this year and by more than 5% next year — growth rates more commonly associated with dynamic emerging economies, not mature developed ones. With China growing vibrantly and Europe eventually mounting a good recovery by the year end, we would have all the major global economies expanding vigorously and so boosting overall global growth.
However, such strong growth must mean that ultra-easy monetary policies will be reversed more quickly than financial markets have priced in. Strong growth may do wonders for corporate profitability but, as policy frameworks become less pro-business, higher taxes and harsher regulations could offset that positive. Finally, while geopolitical tensions will probably not explode into outright war, growing frictions will likely produce occasional but short-lived political crises that would rattle business and market confidence. Welcome to the 21st century.
Manu Bhaskaran is CEO of Centennial Asia Advisors
